As adults begin to learn a foreign language they will realize that it is hard work---hundreds of hours of study are needed to speak the language reasonably well. Like any endeavor, the right attitude is essential. The effort is well worth it in terms of enhanced cultural understanding, travel opportunities, and improved mental abilities.
Adult versus Child Language Learning – Is There a "Critical Period" for Enhanced Learning?
Proponents of the "critical period" hypothesis state that "the natural ability to acquire spoken language without deliberate effort begins to diminish sharply at about the age of puberty (12-14 years of age)" according to the Center for Instructional Innovation. Is this so, and if so, why?
One school of thought states that early language acquisition is due to evolutionary adaptation. The need for early acquisition of language requires a large expenditure of brain neurons, and since adult acquisition of language is of lesser importance, the neurons are rerouted to other purposes. However, no one has been able to exactly isolate the neural changes associated with changes in language acquisition.
Another view is that adult learning is more difficult not because of changes in brain neurons, but due to viewing things through the lens of their native language. This process interferes with the way we see and comprehend foreign languages (Veracity). Adult hearing becomes specialized to hearing the speech sounds of the native language, and to ignore other sounds. The critical period does seem to relate to an ability to learn a native-like pronunciation, so adult learners inevitably have an accent.
Finally, the learning process of adults is different than children. Children learn logically or inductively, by example and by interacting with their environment; while adults learn analytically and deductively by reasoning.
Strategies for Adult Learning
The mental process is very important for the adult learner, who understands that learning a foreign language well is a total commitment. Of course, people have different strengths and approaches in learning, but since the 1960s a more natural approach has gained prominence (Longatan). The idea is to simulate the environment in which the child learns a language. The student should develop an acceptance or desire to become part of a new language group, and to feel at home with the culture as well. The natural method must be supplemented with grammatical exercises, and structured drills and exercises to complete the learning process.
Two valuable skills for adult learning of languages include a good memory and a good ear.
- Good Memory - There are thousands of new vocabulary words to memorize and learn, so it is a distinct advantage to be able to recall words, idiomatic expressions and the like after brief introductions to the words. Many study guides are available to improve memory, but it is very useful to be able to make associations.
- Good Ear - People are are so accustomed to their native language that they hardly need to pay attention to the spoken word. Understanding a foreign language spoken fast and fluently can be a challenge. As mentioned before, the adult learner needs to be re-educated to pay attention to new sounds. Good listening conditions are essential, such as a one-on-one conversation. Any interfering sounds such as people talking in the background can seriously hinder the learning of new sounds. Listening labs are a valuable addition to classroom work. Although it may seem like rote learning, simply listening to the words over and over helps to be accustomed to the sounds.
Supplemental Guides: Online Language Learning and Foreign Language Books
Online language courses have become popular, and some are even free. The best courses offer native speakers, related images, and the opportunity to hear, write and pronounce words. However, do not believe you can learn to speak a foreign language in "weeks." Foreign language books offer lessons, grammar guides, and dictionaries. Be aware of the limitations of phrase books, however. They may help to order in a restaurant, for example, but you are not likely to understand the responses to questions unless you are well along in your studies. Remaining in the foreign country is one of the best means to improve comprehension of the language. Be sure to stock up on literature books in the language while there.
Adults Can Learn a Foreign Language
Learning a foreign language begins with a positive attitude. Take full advantage of all resources at your disposal, courses, books, conversations with native speakers, listening labs and DVDs. After you are well along, plan to visit the country that speaks the language. The experience will do wonders in improving your language skills.
References
"Language Learning by Adults (the So-called Second Language Acquisition)." Center for Instructional Innovation, Western Washington University. 2006.
Longatan, Nancy. "Foreign Language Learning By Immersion" Suite 101.com.
Veracity, Dani. "New Research Shows Adults-Not Just Kids-Are Capable of Learning New Languages." Feb 12, 2006. Natural News.com.
Wright, Jessica. "Foreign Language Fluency in Five Easy Steps" Suite 101.com.
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